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Authors
Chouhan, Dimple https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-4343
Bello, Adedotun H.
Weissman, Adam J.
Karandikar, Saarang P. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0448-9367
Browne, Kevin D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-3021
Duda, John E.
Cullen, D. Kacy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-5216
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (Merit Review I01-BX005079 (J.E.D.))
National Institutes of Health (R01-NS127895 (D.K.C.))
Advanced Research and Invention Agency (SCNI-PR01-P014 (D.K.C.))
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees at the University of Pennsylvania and the Corporal Michael Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center and adhered to the guidelines set forth in the NIH Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (2015). No patient sample is used in this study. The human cells used in the study are purchased from commercially available sources.
Consent for publication: All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with submission to this journal .
Competing interests: D.K.C. is a scientific co-founder of Innervace Inc., a University of Pennsylvania spin-out company focused on translation of advanced regenerative therapies to treat central nervous system disorders. Multiple patents relate to the composition, methods, and use of the engineered microtissue described in the paper, including U.S. Patent App. 15/032,677 (D.K.C.), U.S. Patent App. 18/561,507 (D.K.C.), and U.S. Patent 12,090,323 (D.K.C.). All other authors declare they have no competing interests.
