Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52175019)
Beijing Nova Programme Interdisciplinary Cooperation Project (20240484699)
Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Space-ground Interconnection and Convergence of China
Key Laboratory of IoT Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management
Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (F2024202052)
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (L222038)
Joint Funds of Industry-university-research of Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST2022-017)
Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Revised: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 4 July 2025
First Online: 5 August 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing financial interests.