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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 6 September 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

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: The study for the first and second data sets was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The Medical Ethics Committee of the Ural State Medical University approved the study. All respondents were informed of the purpose of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.The study for the third data set was approved by The Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-20170058), Danish Data Law, and adhered to the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration. All participants gave their informed written consent.The study for the fourth data set was approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board, the Phoenix Veterans Administration Institutional Review Board, and the United States Department of Defense Human Research Protection Office.The study for fifth data set was approved by the Neuroscience Center at Rigshospitalet-Glostrup as a quality assurance study and approved as such by the Regional Ethics Committee (H- 18008942), waiving the need for patient consent as the study collected information from patients undergoing usual treatment and evaluation. The study was conducted in accordance with Danish Data Laws.

: N/A.

: Elena R. Lebedeva has given lectures for Teva, Lundbeck, Novartis, Abbot, STADA, and Pfizer; she is the director of the Europe-Asia Headache Center. Todd J. Schwedt within the prior 24 months, has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Salvia Bio Electronics, and Scilex, and royalties from UpToDate. He holds stock options in Allevalux and Nocira. He has received research funding from the American Heart Association, Flinn Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Headache Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, Spark Neuro, and United States Department of Defense. Catherine Chong has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health, the American Heart Association and United States Department of Defense. Nadja Skadkær Hansen received funding from Novo Nordisk Foundation; gave lecture for Pfizer. Rigmor Hoejland Jensen has given lectures for Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva; served as investigator in clinical trials with Eli Lilly, NovoNordisk, Novartis, and Lundbeck; she is the director of the Danish Headache Center, Lifting The Global Burden of Headache and Founder of Master of Headache Disorders at University of Copenhagen; and has received research funding from Lundbeck Foundation, Rigshospitalet, The Medical Society in Copenhagen, NovoNordisk Foundation, Tryg Foundation, and University of Copenhagen. Henrik W. Schytz received personal fees from AbbVie, Teva, Lundbeck, Novartis and Eli Lilly outside of the submitted work. Jes Olesen owns stock in: Alligator Biosci, Cephagenix, Moberg Pharma, Novo Nordisk, H. Lundbeck.