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Authors
Ziff, Noah
Dumkrieger, Gina
Garza, Santiago
Starling, Amaal
Esterov, Dmitry
Barrett, Kevin M.
Ross, Katherine
Anderson, Trent
Porreca, Frank
Navratilova, Edita
Nikolova, Simona
Li, Jing
Wu, Teresa
Huentelman, Matthew
Chong, Catherine D.
Schwedt, Todd J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Defense
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: This prospective longitudinal study (IRB approval number: 19-003200) was approved in 2019 by the Mayo Clinic and Phoenix VA Institutional Review Boards, and the United States Department of Defense Human Research Protection Office. This observational study adheres to and was reported in accordance with the STROBE checklist [ ]. All participants completed an informed consent process and signed informed consent forms approved by the Institutional Review Board.
: All participants completed an informed consent process and signed informed consent forms approved by the Institutional Review Board.
: TJS has received compensation for consulting from AbbVie, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Salvia, and Scilex, royalties from UpToDate, and has stock options in Allevalux and Nocira. His employer has received research grants on his behalf from American Heart Association, Flinn Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Headache Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, Spark Neuro, and United States Department of Defense. AS has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, Amneal, Axsome Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, eNeura, Everyday Health, Impel, Lundbeck, MedIQ, Medscape, Miller Medical, Neurolief, Novartis, Pfizer, Salvia, Satsuma, Teva, Theranica, UpToDate, WebMD, and Woodberry Associates. KMB has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. FP has served as a consultant or received research funding from Abbvie, Voyager, Nektar, Amgen, Acadia, Blackthorn, Teva, Eli Lilly, Hoba, Allergan, Ipsen, Proximagen, and Vedana. He is a founder of Catalina Pharma and Nuvie Bio. CDC has received research support from the American Heart Association, National Institutes of Health, and United States Department of Defense. All other authors have no conflicting interests relevant to the manuscript.
