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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Since this study does not involve direct human or animal subjects, and all data were extracted from previously published studies, ethical approval or informed consent were not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. CLH has nothing to declare. LHO has nothing to declare. MSdR is the second vice president of the European Headache Federation. She has received personal fees as Speaker from Teva, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck and Organon. CD has received travel grants and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Merck & Co, Pfizer and Teva Pharmaceuticals and research grants from the International Headache Society and the Hellenic Neurology Society. RGG reports honoraria for consultant and/or advisory boards from Allergan/Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Almirall, Bial, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CMBE, FLOAT, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merk, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Organon, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Tecnifar and Teva; research funding from Fundação Ciência Tecnologia (Project 29675, MigN2Treat, 02/SAICT/2017); Learning-Health, Luz Saúde (LiON, Luz Innovation on Neurosciences); Novartis-Sociedade Portuguesa de Cefaleias; Bolsa –Projecto Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde and UCP. JV received personal fees and non-financial support from Pfizer, Lilly, and Teva; personal fees from Novartis and Lundbeck; and grants and non-financial support from Allergan and AbbVie. FMA has received personal fees for lecturing and/or participation in advisory boards from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research grants from the Lundbeck Foundation; he is currently the president of Danish Headache Society and board member of the European Headache Federation and associate editor for Frontiers In Pain Research, Frontiers In Neurology, and Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. CL has received consulting fees and honoraria for lectures/presentations from AbbVie/Allergan, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva. CL participated in clinical trials as the principal investigator for Eli Lilly. Intellectual Christian Lampl is past-president of the European Headache Federation and Associate Editor for The Journal of Headache and Pain. KR has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: Novartis, Abbvie, TEVA, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Viatris, Berlin Chemie. ET has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: Novartis, Eli Lilly, Abbvie, TEVA, Roche, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Biogen, Organon. Consultant for and owner of stocks and IP in Man & Science. Stocks and IP in Nordic Brain Tech. Stocks in Keimon Medical. Non-personal research grants from several sources, including Norwegian Research Council, KlinBeForsk, EU. Commissioned research (non-personal): Lundbeck. GC serves as Associate Editor of The Journal of Headache and Pain, Cephalalgia, Cephalalgia Reports, Frontiers in Neurology (Neurotechnology section), BMC Neurology (Pain section), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (Brain Imaging and Stimulation section), Headache and Pain Research, Confinia Cephalalgica. He has received honoraria as a moderator from AbbVie, Pfizer, and Eli-Lilly, has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, and Pfizer, and has been the PI in trials sponsored by Pfizer and AbbVie. He has received research grants from AbbVie. PRH reports honoraria for educational and advisory purposes from Allergan, Novartis, Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Co and Teva as well as research funding from Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen, and Cellgene/Bristol Myers Squibb. Intellectual as a member at large of the European Headache Federation and associate editor roles for The Journal of Headache and Pain, Cephalalgia and The British Journal of Pharmacology. AMvdB received honoraria, research and/or travel grants from Allergan/Abbvie, Amgen/Novartis, Eli Lilly, Organon, Pfizer, Satsuma and Teva as principal investigator. Intellectual as president of the European Headache Federation, associate editor for The Journal of Headache and Pain. PM serves as Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Headache and Pain and SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine and also serves as Expert EU Member at European Medicines Agency. UR has no personal fees to report. Institutional fees from Amgen, Abbvie, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Medscape, Sand Teva, and research funding from Novartis. UR is associate editor of the JHP and the vice president of the EHF.