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Authors
Jaso, Mira
Smith, Allison M.
Goldstein, Henrike
Sehlbrede, Matthias
Wager, Julia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Private Universität Witten/Herdecke gGmbH
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Witten/Herdecke University (reference number 268/2020) in Witten, Germany. Additionally, institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from Sabai IRB (legacy Castle IRB; reference JASO01) to ensure compliance with U.S. federal laws and regulations. All research protocols, data collection instruments, study materials, consent procedures, and participant protections were reviewed to ensure the study met ethical standards for research involving minors. Informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians and assent was obtained from all participating students prior to data collection. All data were collected anonymously to protect participant confidentiality. Participation was voluntary and students were informed that they could decline or withdraw from the study at any point without penalty.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
