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Article History

Received: 4 February 2026

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD420251058438).

: The authors had full access to all data and take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the analysis.

: Simone Braca reports, unrelated to this work, over the last 36 months, personal compensation from Eli Lilly for oral presentations. Esme Ekizoglu received honoraria for lectures, presentations from Pfizer and Neutec. Francesco Casillo received honoraria for consulting activities from Abbvie. Marte-Helene Bjork is supported by public and competitive research funding sources, including the Research Council of Norway (NorHead Centre for Clinical Treatment Research, grant 328615) and the TrondMohn Foundation (SAFE ASM, grant TMF2024TMT03. She reports advisory board honoraria and/or speaking honoraria from Pfizer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Angelini Pharma, AbbVie, Lundbeck, Organon, and Eisai. Her institution (University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital) and research group (BergenBrain) have received funding from valproate marketing authorization holders forpost-marketing drug safety studies, and from Lundbeck for an industry-financed phase IV study of eptinezumab, all unrelated to the current work. Stefanie Moreira has nothing to disclose. Anna K. Szewczyk has nothing to disclose. Annelies Van Dycke received honoraria for participation on advisory/scientific boards and/or given lectures for Abbvie, Allergan, Angelini Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer and Teva. Derya Uluduz is employed by İstanbul university Cerrahpaşa school of medicine neurology department and is a consultant for Abbvie and Pfizer. Gianluca Coppola serves as Associate Editor of The Journal of Headache and Pain, Cephalalgia, Cephalalgia Reports, Frontiers in Neurology (Neurotechnology section), BMC Neurology (Pain section), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (Brain Imaging and Stimulation section), Headache and Pain Research, Confinia Cephalalgica. He has received honoraria as a moderator from AbbVie, Pfizer, and Eli-Lilly, has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly, and Pfizer, and has been the PI in trials sponsored byPfizer and AbbVie. He has received research grants from AbbVie. Christina Deligianni has received travel grants and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Merck & Co, Pfizer and Teva Pharmaceuticals and research grants from the International Headache Society and the Hellenic Neurology Society. Christian Lampl has received consulting fees and honoraria for lectures/ presentations from AbbVie/Allergan, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva. CL participated in clinical trials as the principal investigator for Eli Lilly. Erling Tronvik has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: Novartis, Eli Lilly, Abbvie, TEVA, Roche, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Biogen, Organon. Consultant for and owner of stocks and IP in Man & Science. Stocks and IP in Nordic BrainTech. Stocks in Keimon Medical. Non-personal research grants from several sources, including Norwegian Research Council, KlinBeForsk, EU. Commissioned research (non-personal): Lundbeck. Faisal Amin has received personal fees for lecturing and/or participation in advisory boards from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research grants from the Lundbeck Foundation. Jan Versijpt received personal fees and non-financial support from Pfizer, Lilly, and Teva; personal fees from Novartis and Lundbeck; and grants and non-financial support from Allergan and AbbVie. Kristina Ryliskiene has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: Novartis, Abbvie, TEVA, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Viatris, Berlin Chemie. Margarita Sanchez del Rio reports personal fees as Speaker from Teva, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck and Organon. Phil Holland reports honoraria for educational and advisory purposes from Allergan, Novartis, and Teva as well as research funding from Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen, and Cellgene/Bristol Myers Squibb. Gisela Terwindt reports consultancy support from AbbVie, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Teva, and independent support from the European Community, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Research Council, Dutch Brain Foundation, Dioraphte, and the Clayco foundation. Uwe Reuter has received institutional fees from Amgen, Abbvie, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Medscape, SandTeva, and research funding from Novartis. Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink reports honoraria for advisory board and/or lectures from Allergan/Abbvie,Amgen/Novartis, Eli Lilly, Organo, Pfizer, as well as research grants from Manistee, Pfizer, Satsuma, Teva and Tonix. She received independent research support from the European Community and Dutch Research Council as well as the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development. Raquel Gil-Gouveia reports honoraria for consultant and/or advisory boards from Allergan/ Abbvie, Astra Zeneca,Almirall, Bial, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CMBE, FLOAT, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merk, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Organon, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Tecnifar, and Teva; research funding from Fundação Ciência Tecnologia (Project 29675,MigN2Treat, 02/SAICT/2017); Learning-Health, Luz Saúde (LiON, Luz Innovation on Neurosciences); Novartis-Sociedade Portuguesa de Cefaleias; Bolsa –Projecto Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, and UCP.