Updates are available Correction dated 2026-05-28

Article History

Received: 11 February 2026

Accepted: 29 April 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Change Date: 23 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The article has been updated to correct the Competing interests statement

Change Date: 28 May 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-026-02407-x

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: KP received personal fees from Allergan/AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Man & Science, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva as a speaker and/or advisory board member. CID has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: TEVA, Pfizer, Astra -Zeneca, Orion Pharma, Haleon, Bennett; member at large of European Headache Federation. CL reports, over the last 36 months, personal fees for consulting from AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals, and a research grant from Pfizer. ET has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards: Novartis, Eli Lilly, Abbvie, TEVA, Roche, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Biogen, Organon. Consultant for and owner of stocks and IP in Man & Science. Stocks and IP in Nordic Brain Tech. Stocks in Keimon Medical. Non-personal research grants from several sources, including Norwegian Research Council, KlinBeForsk, EU. Commissioned research (non-personal): Lundbeck. Associate Editor Cephalalgia. HS reports receiving personal fees from AbbVie, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Teva. JS received consultancy and advisory support from Man & Science, Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva, Lundbeck, Organon, Balancair, and from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (Belgium)MS received personal fees from AbbVie, Organon, Pfizer, and Orion Pharma as a speaker and/or advisory board member PM serves as Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Headache and of SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. PM did not take part in any review or editorial decision-making process related to this paper. He also serves as an Expert for the European Medicines Agency (EMA). PP-R reports over the last 36 months, fees as a consultant and speaker from AbbVie, Almirall, Dr. Reddy’s, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Teva; research grants to her research group: AbbVie, AGAUR, EraNet Neuron, FEDER RIS3CAT, Instituto Investigación Carlos III, MICINN, Novartis, Teva; funding for clinical trials: AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Merz, Pfizer, Teva; associate editor for Cephalalgia, Neurologia; member of the Clinical Trials Guidelines Committee and Scientific Committee of the International Headache Society; edited Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache of the Spanish Neurological Society; founder of , a platform to give information and tools to physicians and people who suffer from migraine and other headaches. KR has received personal fees for lectures/advisory boards from Novartis, Abbvie, Teva, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Organon, Viatris, Berlin Chemie. EE received honoraria for lectures/presentations from Pfizer and Neutec. IP serves as member of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Headache and Pain and Head of Imaging Section of the SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine journal. RF received consultancy fees from Teva, Takeda, Lundbeck, Jazz, Salvia and Centessa; lecture fees from Pharmanovia, Novartis and MedTronic; research support from ZonMw, MedTronic, Takeda, OpZuid, Netherlands Brain Foundation and RiverStyx. PRH reports, unrelated to the current project, honoraria for educational and advisory purposes from Eli Lilly and Company, Allergan, Novartis, Pfizer, Organon and Teva as well as research funding from Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen, and Cellgene/Bristol Myers Squibb. PRH also serves as a member of the Editorial Board of The Journal of Headache and Pain. UR reports over the last 36 months no personal fees. Institutional fees for consultation from Abbvie, Lundbeck, Pfizer; institutional fees for the generation of educational material and scientific presentations from Abbvie, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly and Teva. UR received an institutional research grant from Novartis (Cherub01). PJG reports, over the last 36 months, personal fees for consulting from Aeon Biopharma, Abbvie, Aurene, CoolTech LLC, Dr Reddy’s, Eli-Lilly and Company, Epalex, Ipsen, Kallyope, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, Pfizer, PureTech Health LLC, Satsuma, Shiratronics, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Vial, and personal fees for advice through Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, SAI Med Partners, Vector Metric, and fees for educational materials from CME Outfitters and WebMD, and publishing royalties or fees from Massachusetts Medical Society, Oxford University Press, UptoDate and Wolters Kluwer. AMvdB received research grants and/or consultation fees from AbbVie, Amgen/Novartis, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Manistee, Organon, Pfizer, Satsuma, Teva, and Tonix. JV received personal fees and nonfinancial support from Teva, Pfizer and Medtronic, personal fees from Novartis and Lundbeck, and grants and nonfinancial support from Allergan/AbbVie.