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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 20 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol complied with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Approval No. 2022–565; No. 2023–459-01; No. 2023–460-01; No. 2023–815-02; No. 2024–347-01) as well as from the responsible ethics committees of each participating headache center. The registry is formally registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200064494 and ChiCTR2400090162). Clinical trial number: not applicable.

: All patients provided informed consent to participate.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: 3 Chunfu Chen, 4 Hong Ye, 5 Min Cheng, 6 Liang Zhang, 7 Ligong Zhang, 8 Suiyi Xu, 9 Li Li, 10 Jiying Zhou, 11 Guogang Luo, 12 Yajun Lian, 13 Dongjun Wan, 14 Yuanrong Yao, 15 Hui Xue, 16 Nengwei Yu, 17 Kunlin Zhang, 18 Li Mei, 19 Hongyan Li, 20 Qiang Li, 21 Ping Gu, 22 Zhenguo Liu, 23 Kaiming Liu, 24 Wenping Gu, 25 Hongli Qu, 26 Zheman Xiao, 27 Xianliang Li, 28 Shixiong Huang, 29 Jie Zhang, 30 Ming Dong, 31 Hang Shen, 32 Hebo Wang, 33 Peng Feng, 34 Zhongling Zhang, 35 Zhe Wang, 36 Li Chen, 37 Hongbin Cai, 38 Taiqing Zhu, 39 Yangmei Chen, 40 Jiasi Li, 41 Jin Wang, 42 Xijin Wang, 43 Jiajun Yang, 44 Chengjie Mao, 45 Yuncheng Wu, 46 Qiuling Tong, 47 Wei Gui, 48 Wei Shao, 49 Yuhu Zhang, 50 Xiaojuan Wang, 51 Sufen Chen, 52 Wei Wu, 53 Huixing Wei, 54 Hongxing Liu, 55 Hanxing Liu, 56 Yungang Cao, 57 Li’an Huang, 58 Xuying He, 59 Haiyan Li, 60 Zhaoli Ge, 61 Gesheng Lei, 62 Xianguo Jiang, 63 Chengqing Zhong, 64 Shilun Zuo, 65 Peiwei Hong, 66 Li Zhou, 67 Peng Xu, 68 Xueqian Yuan, 69 Qian Tian, 70 Shuqin Zhan, 71 Li Ren, 72 Na Zhao, 73 Zhenyun Yuan, 74 Zhengyu Sun, 75 Nanfang Cheng, 76 Yuzhou Guo, 77 Haiyan Yu, 78 Yafei Wang, 79 Bingmei Deng, 80 Lei Zhang, 81 Ying Zhou, 82 Lu Liu, 83 Dan Wang, 84 Feng Wang, 85 Chaohui Tang, 86 Ran Zhang, 87 Yi Zhang, 88 Hao Chen, 89 Chen Chen, 90 Juan Ma, 91 Xin Wang, 92 Rong Fu, 93 Ling Chen, 94 Yi Zhang, 95 Lin Li, 96 Xinzuo Jiang, 97 Tianxia Zhang, 98 Xiaoyu Gao, 99 Dongmei Hu, 100 Min Ye, 101 Yunliang Xie, 102 Shuhua Gui, 103 Lian Zuo, 104 Zhenchan Lu, 105 Faming Wang, 106 Jinfeng He, 107 Jianjun Chen, 108 Yunfei Li, 109 Zhonglin Liu, 110 Shuisheng Zhong, 111 Wei Sun, 112 Gang Li, 113 Jinliang Wang, 114 Huipian Lai 3 Shandong Provincial Hospital 4 Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University 5 Peking University People’s Hospital 6 The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 7 Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital 8 Shenzhen Baoan People’s Hospital 9 Tianjin Huanhu Hospital 10 The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University 11 First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University 13 The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, PLA 14 Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital 15 Baotou Central Hospital 16 Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital 17 The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province 18 The First People’s Hospital of Xining 19 People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 20 Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital 21 Jiangsu Province Hospital 22 Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 23 The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 24 Xiangya Hospital, Central South University 25 The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University 26 Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University 27 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 28 Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital 29 The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University 30 The First Hospital of Jilin University 31 Peking Union Medical College Hospital 32 Hebei General Hospital 33 Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University 34 The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University 35 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University 36 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 37 The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University 38 Zhengzhou People’s Hospital 39 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University 40 Shanghai Mental Health Center 41 Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 42 Tongji Hospital of Tongji University 43 Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital 44 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University 45 Shanghai First People’s Hospital 46 The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 47 Anhui Provincial Hospital 48 Wuhan No.1 Hospital 49 Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital 50 Guangzhou First People’s Hospital 51 Changsha Central Hospital 52 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University 53 The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University 54 Nanjing Brain Hospital 55 Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University 56 The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 57 The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University 58 Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital 59 The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University 60 Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital 61 Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University 62 Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 63 Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital 64 Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University 65 West China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University 66 Weifang People’s Hospital 67 Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University 68 Zhengzhou Second People’s Hospital 69 Linyi People’s Hospital 70 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University 71 Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital 72 Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 73 The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University 74 Henan Provincial People’s Hospital 75 Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 76 Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University 77 Jinzhou Central Hospital 78 Linyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine 79 General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA 80 Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province 81 The Central Hospital of Yongzhou 82 Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University 83 General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the PLA 84 Huludao Central Hospital 85 Nanpi County People’s Hospital 86 Chengde Central Hospital 87 Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 88 Shanxi Bethune Hospital 89 Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital 90 Xi’an No.3 Hospital 91 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College 92 The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang 93 The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University 94 Chenzhou First People’s Hospital 95 Wuhan Third Hospital 96 Shaoyang Second People’s Hospital 97 Xunxian People’s Hospital 98 Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital 99 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University 100 Nanjing BenQ Medical Center 101 Suzhou High-tech Zone People’s Hospital 102 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University 103 Shanghai East Hospital 104 Huzhou Central Hospital 105 Tiantai County People’s Hospital 106 Taizhou Municipal Hospital 107 Lishui Central Hospital 108 Fujian Provincial Hospital 109 The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University 110 Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital 111 The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenzhen 112 Shenzhen People’s Hospital 113 Foshan Second People’s Hospital 114 Jiangmen Central Hospital