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Article History

Received: 23 March 2026

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The protocol and all relevant documents were prospectively approved by an Institutional Review Board (Advarra, Pro00079359). The study was conducted in accordance with all legal and regulatory requirements, and according to good practice guidelines in relation to pharmacoepidemiologic research. All participants provided informed consent.

Consent for publication: N/A

Competing interests: RBL: Editorial board of Neurology and senior advisor to Headache (not paid); research support: NIH and FDA; support from the National Headache Foundation; research grants, consultant, advisory board member or honoraria: Aeon, Allergan/AbbVie, Amgen, Axsome, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, GSK, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Merck, Teva, Vedanta; royalties from Informa and Wolff’s Headache (8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2009); stock options in Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, CoolTech, Manistee, and NuVieBio. AU: Employee of Aptar Digital Health, which was a paid consultant to Pfizer for the conduct of this study. GL: Consulting fees: AbbVie, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Teva. PJG: Consulting fees: Aeon, AbbVie, CoolTech, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Epalex, Ipsen, Kallyope, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Orion Pharma, Pfizer, PureTech Health, Satsuma, Seaport Therapeutics, Shiratronics, Teva; personal fees for advice: Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, SAI Med Partners, Vector Psychometric; fees for educational materials: CME Outfitters and WebMD; publishing royalties or fees: Massachusetts Medical Society, Oxford University Press, UptoDate, and Wolters Kluwer. PP-R: In the last 3 years, consultant and speaker: AbbVie, Almirall, Dr. Reddy’s, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medscape, Novartis, Organon, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Teva; research grants to her research group: AbbVie, AGAUR, EraNet Neuron, FEDER RIS3CAT, Instituto Investigación Carlos III, MICINN, Novartis, Teva; funding for clinical trials: AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Merz, Pfizer, Teva; associate editor for Cephalalgia, NS Neurologia; member of the Clinical Trials Guidelines Committee and Scientific Committee of the International Headache Society; edited Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache of the Spanish Neurological Society; founder of , a platform to give information and tools to physicians and people who suffer from migraine and other headaches. TJS: In the last 24 months served as a consultant for AbbVie, Lundbeck, and Salvia, received royalties from UpToDate, had research support from AbbVie, American Heart Association, Flinn Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Headache Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, and US Department of Defense, and had stock options/equity in Allevalux and Nocira. KMF: Managing director of MIST Research, which has received research funding from AbbVie, Allay Lamp, NYC Langone Health, Juva Health, Migraine Canada, AESARA, and Aptar. LA, FD, KHB: Employees of and own stock/options in Pfizer.