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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 1 July 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All animal experiments involving mice were conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and complied with the ethical principles outlined by the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS). The animal study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center (Ethics No. KTDW-2024–00337; approval date: March 13, 2024). Human sperm samples were obtained with written informed consent from all participants. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center (Approval ID: 2024126A01; approval date: August 5, 2024). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication. The manuscript is submitted for exclusive consideration by Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters and has not been published or submitted elsewhere.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.