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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 25 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals. The plant material ( B. diffusa L. ) was collected from privately owned land belonging to one of the authors from district Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan, with the owner’s permission. The species is neither protected nor listed as endangered; therefore, no specific permits or licenses were required for its collection. All experimental procedures complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Not applicable, as this study did not involve human participants, animals, or data collected from any institution or organization requiring ethical approval or informed consent.

: All authors have approved the final draft and submission of manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.