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Authors
Zainal, Nurul Amira
Mohd Kasim, Abdul Rahman
Khashi’ie, Najiyah Safwa
Waini, Iskandar
Nazar, Roslinda
Pop, Ioan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2024/STG06/UTEM/03/1)
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Article History
Received: 2 August 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not involve any human participants, animals, or tissues. Hence, ethical approval was not required. Not applicable. No human participants were involved in this research.
: All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript and approve its final version.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
