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Article History

Received: 29 June 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any plant or biological materials. The raw material used was naturally occurring volcanic pumice, collected with official permission from the Ethiopian Geological Survey Institute and the Tatek quarry management, in accordance with institutional policies and environmental safety guidelines. Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.