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Article History

Received: 27 July 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants, data, or animals. The bacterial strains used are standard laboratory and clinical isolates.

: Not applicable.

: All authors have read the final version of the manuscript and give their formal consent for the publication of this research in the journal Discover Nano.

: Not applicable.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used Gemini for the purpose of linguistic refinement and grammatical checking to improve readability. Following the use of this tool, the authors performed a comprehensive review and manually edited the content to ensure scientific accuracy. The authors take full responsibility for the integrity of the experimental data, the response surface methodology (RSM) calculations, the interpretation of the results, and the final content of the publication. The experimental findings and statistical analyses reported herein were generated entirely by the authors without the assistance of artificial intelligence.

: The authors declare no competing interests.