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Article History

Received: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved non-invasive experiments with human participants and posed no foreseeable risk. Ethical approval was formally waived by the Ethics Committee of Jinzhong University, as the experiments only involved non-invasive wearable sensing for finger motion monitoring during piano training, without any clinical intervention or collection of identifiable personal data. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines of Jinzhong University and relevant national regulations governing human-subject research.

: Consent to publish is not applicable.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.