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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments (subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice) were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Dalian Medical University (Approval Number: AEE22108). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines for animal experimentation of Dalian Medical University, the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publications No. 8523, revised 2011), and are reported following the ARRIVE guidelines. This study also analyzed publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which obtained appropriate ethical approvals and informed consents from participants prior to data release. No additional ethical approval was required for this analysis.

: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include any data, images, or information from individual human participants.

: The authors declares that there no conflict of interest to disclose.