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Article History

Received: 25 December 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 24 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The plant material ( Celastrus paniculatus ) used in this study was collected from publicly accessible areas in accordance with local and national guidelines. No specific permits were required for collection of this non-endangered species. A voucher specimen was deposited at the Duthie Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India (Accession No. 102), where it was taxonomically identified.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.

: Not applicable. This manuscript contains no individual person’s data.

: This article did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.