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Authors
Czinczel, Berrit Katharina
Fiedler, Daniela
Großschedl, Jörg
Harms, Ute
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
IPN - Leibniz-Institut für die Pädagogik der Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Commission of the IPN, Kiel (Germany, file no. 2022_33_KU) and by the state ministry of education in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. We ensured that students provided informed consent before the survey began. We anonymized the data by destroying the lists that matched IDs to individual students after the survey was completed. Neither students nor teachers received compensation for their participation.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
