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Authors
Miao, Niu
Huiying, Zhao
Xiaowen, Qiu
Peng, Shen
Jiawei, Shen
Jie, Lv
Gang, Zhou
Fengxue, Zhu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Research and Development Fund of the People’s Hospital of Peking University
Educational and Teaching Research Projects of the Peking University Health Science Center
Postgraduate Medical Education Research Project of Peking University Health Science Center
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: All patients provided informed consent before the cannulation procedure, and the study was approved by the hospital’s ethics committee.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
