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Authors
Khani, Jafar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-4824
Dadashzadeh, Abbas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-1904
Gilani, Neda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-0277
Rahmani, Azad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-9808
Tabrizi, Faranak Jabbarzadeh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-211X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Tabriz University of Medical science (65125)
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2025
Accepted: 31 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted subsequent to the approval of the research plan by the Research Council and the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.REC.1399.330), in coordination with the Emergency Center of East Azerbaijan Province. All ethical standards were rigorously observed. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data were collected through telephone interviews with 1,100 participants to ensure safety and minimize risk. All participants were fully informed about the purpose, procedures, and confidentiality of their responses. Informed verbal consent was obtained prior to the interviews, and participants were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. Interviews were conducted by trained researchers and followed strict ethical guidelines, and all procedures were in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
