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Authors
Almukhlifi, Yasir
Gómez-Salgado, Juan
Alsulami, Maher
Alhamdan, Arwa Khalid
Alharthi, Shahad Dhafer
Alharbi, Yara Sultan
Aseeri, Faisal
Alsulami, Waad
Barnawy, Mariam
Goniewicz, Krzysztof
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2025
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved on August 27, 2023, by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Ref. No. SP23J/129/08). The study was also approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) and the Ministry of Health.
: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Participation was voluntary, anonymous, and based on completion of a consent-approved survey instrument. Completing the questionnaire was interpreted as provision of informed consent, as approved by the IRB.
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. K.G. serves as a Guest Editor for the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, however, this role had no influence on the review process or the content of this manuscript.
