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Authors
Haveraaen, Hans Magnus
Seel, Udo
Romeike, Broder
Zinn, Sebastian
Mutlak, Haitham
Zacharowski, Kai
Neef, Vanessa
Friedrichson, Benjamin
Kloka, Jan Andreas
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved human participants in a simulation setting (questionnaire data and video recordings of study procedures for time measurement and quality control). The Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Frankfurt waived the need for ethical approval (Ref: 2023 − 1160).
: All participants provided written informed consent for the use of anonymized questionnaire data in scientific publications and for video recording of study procedures for study-related analysis. The videos will not be published, and no identifiable participant information is included in this manuscript.
: All authors have been involved in the design process. The FID is filed for patent by JK and US (U31030DE, 16.11.2020). The Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, provided institutional support in the form of internal research funds, access to facilities and equipment, and publication costs. The Department had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or manuscript preparation.
