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Authors
Fandler, Martin https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2854-6201
Doll, Thorben
Pott, Johannes
Turner, Wiebke https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7638-579X
Gotthardt, Philipp
Ehlers, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-4173
Nitsche, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-6649
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Private Universität Witten/Herdecke gGmbH
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 3 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Witten-Herdecke (reference number S-273/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable data protection regulations. All participants provided informed electronic consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary and anonymous.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Some authors (MF, TD, JP, WT, PG) are involved in Free Open Access Medical Education (FOAM) initiatives as content creators and contributors: MF and PG are founders and content creators of the FOAM platform “Nerdfallmedizin” (2018–2025). WT is a content creator for “Nerdfallmedizin” (2020–2025). TD and JP are founders and content creators of the FOAM platform “Pin-Up-Docs” (since 2018). These activities are unpaid and not commercially affiliated. These affiliations did not influence the design, analysis, or interpretation of the study. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.
