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Article History

Received: 7 February 2017

Accepted: 14 March 2018

First Online: 2 April 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The study was approved by the local ethical committees in the respective countries, confirming that the study protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: AA is an advisor to or a member of advisory boards for a number of food and pharmaceutical producers: Basic Research, USA; Beachbody, USA; BioCare Copenhagen, Denmark; Crossfit, USA; Dutch Beer Institute, Netherlands; Feast Kitchen A/S, Denmark; Gelesis, USA; Groupe Éthique et Santé, France; McCain Foods Limited, USA; Nestlé Research Center, Switzerland; Novo Nordisk, Denmark; Pfizer, Germany; Saniona, Denmark; Sanofi-Aventis, Germany; S-Biotek, Denmark; Scandinavian Airlines System, Denmark; TetraPak, Sweden; Weight Watchers, USA; and from Zaluvida, Switzerland. AA does not own stock in, or have other ownership interests in, any of the companies to which he provides scientific advice, or in any nutrition company other than those companies whose stock is held by various mutual fund retirement accounts. Recent research at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, has been funded by unrestricted grants from or contracts with DC-Ingredients, Denmark; Danish Dairy Foundation; Global Dairy Platform; and Gelesis AS, USA. AA receives payment as associate editor ofThe American Journal of Clinical Nutritionand as a member of the editorial committee ofAnnual Review of Nutrition. AA is a recipient of honoraria as speaker for a wide range of Danish and international concerns and of royalties from textbooks and from popular diet and cookery books. AA is a co-inventor of a number of patents, includingMethods of inducing weight loss, treating obesity and preventing weight gain(licensee Gelesis, USA) andBiomarkers for predicting degree of weight loss(licensee Nestec SA, CH), owned by the University of Copenhagen, in accordance with Danish law. AA is a co-founder and co-owner of the University of Copenhagen spin-out companies Mobile Fitness A/S, Personalized Weight Management Research Consortium ApS (Gluco-diet.dk), and Flaxslim ApS, where he is also a member of the board. AA is not an advocate or activist for specific diets and is not strongly committed to any specific diet, e.g., veganism, Atkins diet, gluten-free diet, high animal protein diet, or dietary supplements. AV, JC, and JH are full-time employees at Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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