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Authors
Ozden, Sami Berk
Yılmaz, Burak
Kalender, Göktuğ
Taştekin, Meral Filiz
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 5 October 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Institutional Review Board (Approval No: OKU.KKO.FR.0024) and conducted by the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for urodynamic testing, cystoscopy, and bladder biopsy as part of standard clinical care. The ethics committee waived the requirement for additional informed consent for the retrospective analysis of anonymized patient data. Patient confidentiality was strictly maintained.
: Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain identifiable personal data, images, or details of individual participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
