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Article History

Received: 7 January 2026

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Kidney Diseases & Transplant, Peshawar, Pakistan (IRB Approval No. 642/Chairman/R&E/Committee/IKD). Although the study involved retrospective data analysis, all patients were treated during the study period and provided written informed consent at the time of admission for the use of their anonymized clinical data and images for research and publication purposes, in accordance with institutional policy. Participants were informed of the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences for their clinical care.

: Written informed consent for publication of anonymized data and clinical images was obtained from all participants prior to study inclusion.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework.

: Not applicable (observational retrospective study).

: Claude AI was used solely for improving the grammar, readability, and clarity of the manuscript. All intellectual content, clinical interpretations, and scientific conclusions were formulated by the authors.