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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures followed institutional/national ethics committee standards and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified summary-level genetic data from the UK Biobank, FinnGen and other GWAS studies. As no individual private data were involved, the research did not constitute human subjects research, and therefore no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required. All original studies providing summary data had obtained necessary ethical approvals. No animal studies were conducted.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in Environmental Sciences Europe.

: The authors declare no competing interests.