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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 26 October 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University (Approval No.: 2025171) and adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki and China’s Ethical Review Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Humans (Xiong NN, ed. Science Press, Beijing, China; 2014) [ ]. Owing to the retrospective design—analysis of de-identified existing clinical data and absence of prospective interventions—the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee. This waiver strictly complied with the regulatory criteria for retrospective research outlined in the national ethical guideline, ensuring full protection of participants’ privacy and rights. No financial or material compensation was provided to participants: all medical procedures were part of routine clinical care, and costs were borne by the participants themselves in accordance with the hospital’s standard charging policy.

: Consent to publish was waived by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University due to the retrospective nature of the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.