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Article History

Received: 4 September 2025

Revised: 8 January 2026

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

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: BALB/c female mice were purchased from Qinglongshan Biotechnology Co., LTD (Nanjing, China) and fed in the specific pathogen-free-conditions. 200 μL of 4T1 (1 × 107) cells were injected subcutaneously into the right lower mammary gland of female BALB/c mice to establish a subcutaneous transplanted tumor model. When the tumor volume exceeds 1500 mm3, the mouse is considered dead. All animal experiments were performed by the protocol approved of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing University. All efforts were made to minimize the animals’ suffering and reduce the frequency of animal use. The animal study is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The authors declared that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: The authors declare no competing interests.