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Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: We hereby confirm that this manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it under consideration for publication in another journal. All authors have contributed significantly to the development of this research and meet the authorship criteria. There are no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, to disclose in relation to this work. Any errors identified post-submission will be promptly reported to the journal.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: We acknowledge the use of a Generative AI tool for grammar revision in the text, and this is the only role it played in the development of the manuscript.

: Dr. X. O. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Economics at the University of the Balearic Islands. His research focuses on topics related to public economics, economics of education and labor economics. He has published in top-tier journals ( ). His research has been awarded with the “Best Article Award for the Most Outstanding Research Article Published in the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research” in 2020 for the co-authored paper Gender wage gap in hospitality .Dr. M. S. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Economics at the University of the Balearic Islands. Her research focuses on topics related to tourism economics, economics of education and labor economics. She has published in top-tier journals ( ). Her research has been awarded with the Fitur-Jorge Vila Fradera prize in 2002 for the co-authored book “The Post-Stagnation Phase of a Mature Tourist Destination: Dressing up to Screen the Same Blowsy Tart?” and the “Best Article Award for the Most Outstanding Research Article Published in the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research” in 2020 for the co-authored paper Gender wage gap in hospitality .