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Authors
Golubchik, Tanya
Abeler-Dörner, Lucie
Hall, Matthew
Wymant, Chris
Bonsall, David
Macintyre-Cockett, George
Thomson, Laura
Baeten, Jared M.
Celum, Connie L.
Galiwango, Ronald M.
Kosloff, Barry
Limbada, Mohammed
Mujugira, Andrew
Mugo, Nelly R.
Gall, Astrid
Blanquart, François
Bakker, Margreet
Bezemer, Daniela
Ong, Swee Hoe
Albert, Jan
Bannert, Norbert
Fellay, Jacques
Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer, Barbara
Günthard, Huldrych F.
Kivelä, Pia
Kouyos, Roger D.
Meyer, Laurence
Porter, Kholoud
van Sighem, Ard
van der Valk, Mark
Berkhout, Ben
Kellam, Paul
Cornelissen, Marion
Reiss, Peter
Ayles, Helen
Burns, David N.
Fidler, Sarah
Grabowski, Mary Kate
Hayes, Richard
Herbeck, Joshua T.
Kagaayi, Joseph
Kaleebu, Pontiano
Lingappa, Jairam R.
Ssemwanga, Deogratius
Eshleman, Susan H.
Cohen, Myron S.
Ratmann, Oliver
Laeyendecker, Oliver
Fraser, Christophe
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1175094, OPP1175094, OPP1175094, OPP1175094, OPP1175094, OPP1175094, OPP1175094)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613, UM1-AI068619, UM1-AI068617, UM1-AI068613)
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT2025445)
European Research Council (PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251, PBDR-339251)
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2022
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: Participants in all studies gave written informed consent. Ethics approvals were granted as follows. Rakai community cohort study: Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS450), Uganda Virus Research Institute Ethics Council (GC/127/08/12/137 and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (CR00046394/IRB00217467). MRC Uganda: Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS1432 and HS1230). UWP cohorts: Kenya Medical Research Institute (11-06380), Moi University (2004/3), Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH-ERC/R/72), UC San Francisco (065240), Indiana University (0401-29), University of Washington (25582 and 25584), University of Cape Town Research Ethics Committee (213/400), University of Witwatersrand HREC (40206), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (061), Harvard School of Public Health (P11408-104), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (5181), Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS12 and ARC073), Emory University and the Health Ministry of the Republic of Rwanda (00001497), Emory University (00067994), Republic of Zambia National Ethics Committee (004-05-05), and Botswana Harvard Partnership (PPME-12/18/1), PopART HPTN-071–02: The University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (004-05-15) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (9700). For BEEHIVE, samples in the present study originated from the UK Register of HIV Seroconverters. Ethics approvals were as follows: UK Register of HIV Seroconverters (04/Q2707/155), Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France III (N EURODRACT: DGS: 9660695; Réf. CCP Dossier N: Am5617-10-1157), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (CZ/B/2238-87); Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (EA2/024/021); Helsingin ja uudenmaan sairaanhoitopiirin kuntayhtymä, Finland (565/E5/01); Kantonalen Ethikkommission Zürich, Switzerland (2023-02080). This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
