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Article History

Received: 5 February 2024

Accepted: 1 October 2025

First Online: 29 October 2025

Declarations

:

: T1 dataset: Ethics approval for T1 data was granted by the University of Pretoria EBIT Research Ethics Committee (EBIT/139/2020), together with the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number H00/022 and 00113). and all participants provided written informed consent. T2 dataset: The EBIT Research Ethics Committee at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, granted ethical approval (Ethics Reference No: 43/2010; 11 August 2020) for the utilization of blood BRCA 1 DNA sequences from twelve patients with histopathological ISUP-Grade Group of 1 (representing low-risk prostate cancer) and 5 (representing high-risk prostate cancer). The patients were enrolled and provided consent in accordance with the approval obtained from the University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (43/2010) in South Africa and the DNA sequencing was conducted with approval from the St. Vincent’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) SVH/15/227 in Sydney, Australia. T3 dataset: This dataset was obtained from ENCODE and other public genome annotation repositories. [ ]. Repositories already handle the ethics approvals and informed consent at the stage of data collection. T4–T7 datasets: These datasets were drawn from public biology/genomics repositories (e.g. ENCODE, human genomes) [ ]. Repositories already handle the ethics approvals and informed consent at the stage of data collection. Accordingly, all datasets used in this study were obtained and utilized in full compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interest.