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Article History

Received: 4 November 2019

Accepted: 18 March 2020

First Online: 27 March 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All work conducted at Marquette University as it relates to this study was done under approved Marquette University IACUC protocols (AR 279, AR 298, AR288). Marquette University has an AAALAC accredited Animal Care and Use Program and has the PHS Assurance on file with the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. All voucher specimens used in this study are stored at Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI USA). All animals, both field-collected and commercially obtained, were handled under Marquette University IACUC approved protocols (AR 279, AR 298, AR288). Individuals of <i>G. kuhli</i>, <i>G. badenii</i>, and <i>H. platyurus</i> used in this study and which produced embryonic material were acquired commercially. All other species were field-collected under the following collecting permits: <i>C. brevis</i> (Texas, 2018; SPR-0590-067), <i>H. frenatus</i> (Hawaii, 2017; EX-18-02), <i>L. lugubris</i> (Hawaii, 2018; EX-18-06), <i>P. laticauda</i> (Hawaii, 2018; EX-18-06), <i>S</i>. <i>leonardovaldesi</i> (Honduras, 2018; Resolución-DE-MP-213-2018), and <i>S. macrolepis</i> (Puerto Rico, 2017; 2016-IC-091).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.