Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Psolodesmus mandarinus is not a protected or endangered species in Taiwan. All specimen collection was conducted in accordance with local regulations. Specimen collection was approved by and conducted under permits issued by multiple authorities, including the Agriculture Bureau of Taichung City Government; the Agriculture Bureau of Taoyuan City Government; the Dongshih, Hsinchu and Luotung Forest District Office, Forestry Bureau; the Taoyuan City Government; the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute; and the Fushan Botanic Garden, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Approval letters or official documents authorising collection were issued under the following document numbers: 中市農林字第1090026128號; 桃農林字第1090019592號; 勢育字第1093163264號; 竹育字第1092106588號; 羅育字第1091153649號; 府農林字第1090136515號; 農林試技字第1102201488號; 農林試技字第1112202066號; 農林試福研字第1112258168號. These are formal document numbers issued by relevant Taiwanese government agencies to authorise field collection activities. Additional specimens were obtained from existing research collections provided by collaborators and were not collected specifically for this study. No additional institutional animal ethics approval was required for this invertebrate species under current national regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.