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Authors
Euclide, Peter T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-0435
Pientka, Bernard
Thorstensen, Matt J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7870-3369
Jeffries, Ken M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-1915
Larson, Wesley A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4473-3401
Marsden, J. Ellen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4573-5751
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2026
Accepted: 3 July 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All samples were collected, handled, and euthanized by Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department professionals under the State of Vermont guidelines and protocols. Because no live animals were handled by University professionals and all work was done under the supervision of the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department, this research was exempt from the University of Vermont Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and no sampling permit was required by Vermont Fish and Wildlife.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
