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Authors
Gill, Nathan P.
Kuang, Alan
Scholtens, Denise M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. National Library of Medicine (R01LM013444, R01LM013444, R01LM013444)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD34242, R01HD34243)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK095963, R01DK117491)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Accepted: 1 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research in human subjects. Additionally, the original HAPO study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards (IRBs) at each study field center (protocol code 353-003, date of approval 28 June 2000). All HAPO participants gave written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
