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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 17 September 2025

Declarations

:

: All included studies were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the International Council for Harmonization Good Clinical Practice standards (ICH-GCP).Approval to undertake the Rhineland Study was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Bonn, Medical Faculty (reference ID: 338/15). The Rhineland Study is carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) standards (ICH-GCP) after obtainment of written informed consent from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The CHRIS study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Authority of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano (Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb/Azienda Sanitaria dell’Alto Adige; protocol No. 21/2011, 19 April 2011). The LIFE-Adult-Study has been approved by the ethics committee of the University of Leipzig, Germany (Reg. No. for LIFE-Adult: 263-2009-14122009 and 201/17-ek) and meets the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Each institution of the ARIC study has Institutional Review Board approval and each participant (or legally authorized representatives) provided written informed consent. The ARIC study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research involving human subjects.

: All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: Markus Scholz was funded by Pfizer Inc. for epidemiologic modelling of pneumococcal serotypes and has an ongoing collaboration with Owkin regarding heart failure research.