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Authors
Thomford, Nicholas Ekow
Ryabinina, Oksana
Twum, Joel Adu
Anyimadu, John
Nyarko, Samuel Badu
Anyanful, Akwasi
Ekor, Martins
Kyei, George Boateng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (TMA2019CDF-2670)
National Institute for Allergy and Infectious diseases (1R21AI186750-01)
International Foundation for Sciences (I-3-F-6441-1)
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The participation in this study was strictly voluntary, with participants free to withdraw at any point in time. Participants provided informed consent prior to enrolment in the study, and the sub-study was explained to them in either their local language or English as appropriate. Ethical approvals for this study and sub-studies were obtained from the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTHERC/EC/2020/109; CCTHERC/EC/2021/005; CCTHERC/EC/2023/090) and the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committees (GHS-ERC: 001/12/24). Renewals of ethical approvals are undertaken yearly as required by the Ethics Committees. The duration of the recruitment phase was set at 15 years, with the possibility of re-evaluation and extension of the study and cohort for future research in the field of HIV. All data collected are de-identified from the first day of recruitment, with limited access to data by other team members.
: Informed written consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study and those under 18 years, from legal guardians.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
