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Authors
Lirio, Alvin E.
Chen, Jing
Duazo, Paulita
Lee, Nanette
Adair, Linda
Tobin, Martin D.
John, Catherine
Guyatt, Anna L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust Discovery Award (225221/Z/22/Z)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the CLHNS study overall was obtained at its inception (1983-84) from the University of North Carolina IRB. For data that originated post 2005, which include data used in this study, IRB approval was also obtained from the University of San Carlos in the Philippines. Although some data is freely available on the CLHNS dataverse [ ], access to restricted data (including genetic data) and approval to undertake the analyses reported in this study was requested from and approved by the CLHNS data use committee of USC Office of Population Studies foundation (OPS).
: Not applicable.
: Martin D Tobin, Catherine John, and Anna L Guyatt receive collaborative funding from Orion Pharma, outside of the submitted work.
