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Article History

Received: 1 August 2017

Accepted: 19 December 2017

First Online: 28 December 2017

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All samples from adult frogs are identical to those used in a prior study [] and approved by Hiroshima University Animal Research Committee (approval number G14–2). Depending on the species, adult frogs were collected at different life stages at different locations within Hiroshima prefecture and then raised in captivity at Hiroshima University Institute for Amphibian Biology: in brief, <i>R. japonica</i> originated from multiple egg clusters collected from Etajima, <i>R. ornativentris</i> originated from tadpoles collected from Yoshiwa, and <i>R. tagoi tagoi</i> originated from adults collected from Shobara (full details in Additional file: Table S9). S29 tadpole samples were collected from the same location within Hiroshima. The S24 tadpole samples collected from Yokohama were approved by Sokendai Research committee (approval number 46) and with permission from Yokohama Nature Observation Forest Park. All handling of adult and tadpole frogs were conducted under strict animal handling guidelines set by both research committees.

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