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Article History

Received: 17 October 2019

Accepted: 8 January 2020

First Online: 20 January 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All the experiments were conducted according to the ethics committee of Ifremer. Oyster genitors were sampling in field and sites for sampling were accessible on foot or by boat. No permit was required to harvest oysters. A very small fraction of the oysters (< 0.1% in every site) was collected without disturbance. Except for the production of biparental families of oysters, the study did not used samples collected from the field.

: The manuscript has been seen and approved by all of the authors.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.