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Article History

Received: 1 March 2025

Accepted: 16 June 2025

First Online: 19 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Ptygonotus chinghaiensis is not a regulated invertebrate. The sample collection was carried out in strict accordance with the legal framework of China. The sampling sites are neither privately owned nor located within national nature reserves, and there is no conflict of interest involved.The samples were processed in accordance with the guiding principles specified in the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals approved by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, ensuring that no unnecessary harm was inflicted on the animals, and every effort was made to minimize their suffering. The experimental protocol has been approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shaanxi Normal University.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.