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Authors
Gao, Junxin
Gonzalez-Prendes, Rayner
Liu, Ying
Kantanen, Juha
Ginja, Catarina
Ghanem, Nasser
Kugonza, Donald Rugira
Makgahlela, Mahlako
Bovenhuis, Henk
Groenen, Martien A.M.
Crooijmans, Richard P.M.A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Long-term EU-Africa Research and Innovation Partnership on Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture (LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326, LEAP-Agri-326)
China Scholarship Council (202208610017)
the Netherlands Organization for Scientistic Research (2018/WOTRO/00488849, 2018/WOTRO/00488849, 2018/WOTRO/00488849, 2018/WOTRO/00488849, 2018/WOTRO/00488849, 2018/WOTRO/00488849)
European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (727715, 727715, 727715, 727715, 727715, 727715)
Research Council of Finland (319987)
Fundação Nacional para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2020.02754.CEECIND/CP1601/CP1649/CT0008)
Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (LEAP-Agri 326)
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations (MoSTI/LEAP-11)
National Research Foundation (115577)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2024
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Blood samples were collected during the animals’ annual health inspections, conducted by licensed veterinarians. Prior to sample collection, written informed consent was obtained from each animal’s owner. The Egyptian Holstein Friesian blood sampling was done based on animal welfare guidelines of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Cairo University (CU-IACUC) which approved this protocol under number CUIIF720. In Finland, animal handling procedures and sample collections were performed in accordance with the legislation approved by Regional State Administrative Agency for Southern Finland (ESAVI/31854/2019). In South Africa, sampling of blood and hair was performed with the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of the Agricultural Research Council (APAEC [2020/17]), according to guidelines for the proper handling of animals during sample collection. In Uganda, the study was approved under Approval No: SBLS/HDRC/20/001 by the Research and Ethics Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
