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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used publicly available reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), including the HG001 reference sample, which do not require ethics approval. Additionally, anonymized customer samples were analyzed, from which only high-level aggregate metrics were reported without any individual-level data. These anonymized samples were processed according to standard operating procedures with appropriate consent for research use. No identifiable human data or individual results are reported in this study.

: Not applicable.

: All authors are current or former employees of Element Biosciences and may hold stock options in the company.