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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: O. japonicus , O. scyllarus , and L. maculata are not an endangered or protected animal in any country, and no special ethical approval are required. All animals used in subsequent experiments were placed on ice for frozen anesthesia before dissection to minimize the suffering. Meanwhile, we rigorously conducted the experiments under the guidance of the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publication No. 8023, revised in 1978) and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Yantai University.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.