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Authors
Li, Ning
Shen, Yan-Kun
Liu, De-Zeng
Dong, Zi-Mei
Chen, Guang-Wen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32200376)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32470463)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32270501)
Henan Postdoctoral Science Foundation (HN2024116)
Henan Youth Talent Support Program (2024HYTP004)
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Article History
Received: 20 July 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: All handling procedures were strictly compliant with the current Animal Protection Law of China. This study did not involve endangered or protected species. No approvals were required for collections of specimens from the locations in this study. Ethical approval was not required by Henan Normal University for research conducted on invertebrates such as flatworms used in this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
