Ritchie-Parker, Heather https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-6644
Ball, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-2717
Glass, Trevor
Costanzi, Jean-Marc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-1147
Boulinier, Thierry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5898-7667
Gamble, Amandine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5430-9124
Ghazali, Muhammad
Keegan, Karen
Barbraud, Christophe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0146-212X
Bost, Charly
Bost, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6523-2054
Cleeland, Jaimie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-3968
Clessin, Augustin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1430-266X
Connan, Maelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-9118
Delord, Karine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-951X
Dilley, Ben
Glass, Tristan
Jones, Christopher W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-1912
Moore, Peta
Lawrence, Kate
LeBouard, Fabrice
Osborne, Alexis
Phillips, Richard A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0208-1444
Ratcliffe, Norman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-2431
Repetto, Julian
Risi, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-281X
Ryan, Peter G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3356-2056
Spolander, Brandon
Swain, Shannon
Swain, Wayne
Tornos, Jérémy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-2518
Whittle, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-7579
Senn, Helen
Steinfurth, Antje https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-5425
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ R000 107/1)
Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Animal ethics approval was given by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds’ Animal Ethics Advisory Committee for samples collected in the Tristan da Cunha island group, complying with the laws and regulations of the UK government and the guidance of the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 2013/63. Animal handling and sample collection on Saint Paul and Amsterdam islands were conducted under French Ministry of Research licence (APAFIS#10257-2018011712301381_v6) and TAAF Préfecture permits (A-2019-112, A-2019-127, A-2019-132, A-2019-). The Comité de l’Environnement Polaire, and the Ministry of Research Ethics Committee approved protocols and activities undertaken in this study on the Saint Paul and Amsterdam islands.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.