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Authors
Shrestha, Asmita
van Son, Maren
Hashim, Adnan
Rouzbehani, Soudabeh
Gilfillan, Gregor D.
Berge, Urszula
Kommisrud, Elisabeth
Alm-Kristiansen, Anne Hege
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Inland Norway
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was not required for this study, as the boars were involved in routine semen production practices consistent with Norwegian laws and regulations. These include the Animal Protection Act (December 20, 1974), the Animal Welfare Act (June 19, 2009), the Regulations for the Management of Pigs in Norway (February 18, 2003), and the European Union’s legislation on pig semen production (Council Directive 90/429/EEC).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
