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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Experimental animals ( Cynops orientalis , n = 300) were obtained from Shengsheng Hatchery (Hangzhou, China) with informed consent for the study. All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in strict compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the National Research Council's  Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (China) . The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Research Ethical Committee of Hangzhou Normal University (Approval Number: 2023049). All surgeries were performed under anesthesia with 0.1% Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and every effort was made to minimize suffering.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.